Train & Subway System: Tokyo's extensive rail network is the primary transportation method. The system includes JR Lines (including Yamanote Line loop), Tokyo Metro (9 lines), and Toei Subway (4 lines). Download apps like Google Maps, Hyperdia, or Japan Transit Planner for route planning. Trains run 5 AM to midnight. Last trains leave around midnight - miss them and you'll need expensive taxis or wait until 5 AM.
IC Cards (Suica/Pasmo): Rechargeable smart cards that work on all trains, buses, and many stores. Purchase at any station for ¥2,000 (¥1,500 usable + ¥500 deposit). Simply tap on/off at gates. Essential for convenient travel - no need to buy individual tickets. Can be used nationwide on most transit systems. Return for refund when leaving.
JR Pass: For tourists visiting multiple cities, the Japan Rail Pass offers unlimited JR train travel including shinkansen (bullet trains), but NOT valid on Tokyo Metro/Toei subway lines. Calculate if worthwhile - often makes sense only for multi-city trips (Tokyo-Kyoto-Osaka, etc.). Must be purchased before arriving in Japan. Available in 7, 14, or 21-day versions.
Taxis: Clean, safe, but expensive (¥500-700 starting fare). Useful for late-night travel after trains stop or with luggage. Drivers rarely speak English - have destination written in Japanese. Doors open/close automatically - don't touch them. Uber is limited; use JapanTaxi app instead.
Buses: Comprehensive but complex for tourists. Pay when boarding (exact change or IC card). Useful for reaching specific attractions not near stations. Yamanote Line (JR) circles central Tokyo, connecting major stations - learn this loop first.
Narita Airport to Tokyo:
Haneda Airport to Tokyo: Much closer to city center (30-60 min). Tokyo Monorail to Hamamatsucho (¥500) or Keikyu Line to Shinagawa. Many hotels offer shuttle services.
Pro Tips: Rush hour (7:30-9:30 AM, 5-7 PM) trains are extremely crowded - women-only cars available mornings. Stand left on escalators (right in Osaka). Eating/drinking on trains is frowned upon (except shinkansen). Keep phones silent.