Voltage: Japan operates on 100V AC at 50-60 Hz (varying by region; Osaka is 60 Hz). American 110V devices work fine, but European 220V devices require converter.
Plug Types: Japan uses Type A plugs (two parallel flat pins) and Type B (two flat pins plus round ground). Most outlets accommodate standard flat-pin plugs.
Adapters & Converters: Purchase multi-adapter plugs at airport for broader compatibility. Universal adapters work but may not fit tightly in Japanese outlets. Voltage converters for non-100V devices available at electronics stores and airports.
USB Charging: Many hotels, airports, and cafes offer USB charging stations. Power banks are reliable backup option for all-day sightseeing. Carrying spare charging cables recommended.